Malachite Green Oxalate

Name: Malachite Green Oxalate
SKU: APB4569642
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For Research Use Only | Not For Clinical Use

Catalog NumberAPB4569642

CAS Number4569-64-2

CategoryBiological Stains and Dyes

Case Study

Malachite Green Oxalate for Ionic Conductive Hydrogel Systems in Flexible Iontronic Circuits and Impedance-Modulated Electronic Devices

Coşkun, R., et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics 222 (2019): 361-368.

Malachite Green Oxalate (MGO), a cationic triarylmethane dye, has been investigated as an active ionic dopant in stretchable hydrogel matrices for application in flexible organic electronics and iontronic circuit systems. Incorporation of MGO into polymerized hydrogel networks enables modulation of charge transport, dielectric behavior, and interfacial polarization dynamics under alternating current (AC) fields.
Impedance spectroscopy across a broad frequency range (100 Hz-40 MHz) reveals that MGO concentration significantly influences dielectric constant, electric modulus, conductivity, and phase angle response. The dye molecules, acting as mobile ionic species, interact strongly with hydrogel functional groups, enhancing ion migration pathways and altering microstructural grain dynamics within the polymer network.
At low frequencies, pronounced electrode polarization effects dominate, leading to elevated capacitance values, while high-frequency regions are governed by ionic conduction and charge carrier mobility. The electric modulus analysis (M″) and Cole-Cole plots indicate non-Debye relaxation behavior, strongly dependent on dye concentration and ion-polymer coupling interactions. Conductivity trends follow Jonscher's power law, confirming frequency-dependent ion hopping mechanisms.
Notably, MGO doping enhances free carrier density through electrostatic interactions and Coulombic coupling between dye cations and oxygen-containing polymer sites, thereby tuning the hydrogel from a passive matrix to an active ion-conducting medium. Optimal doping levels yield improved ionic conductivity and stable charge transport characteristics, suitable for synthetic circuit architectures.
These findings demonstrate Malachite Green Oxalate as a functional ionic dopant for engineering responsive hydrogel-based electronic materials, with promising applications in microbial fuel cells, flexible electronics, and bio-integrated iontronic devices.

Malachite Green Oxalate for Molecular Interaction Studies with Human Serum Albumin: Spectroscopic and Computational Insights into Protein Binding and Structural Modulation

Kooravand, Masoumeh, et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 407 (2021): 124878.

Malachite Green Oxalate (MGO), a cationic triarylmethane dye, has been extensively studied as a model xenobiotic compound for evaluating pollutant-biomolecule interactions, particularly its binding behavior with human serum albumin (HSA). Understanding such interactions is essential for assessing the bioavailability and potential toxicity of dye-based environmental contaminants.
Integrated molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and multi-spectroscopic analyses reveal that MGO exhibits strong binding affinity toward HSA, with a calculated binding free energy of -32.93 kJ/mol and a binding constant of 3.64 × 10⁶ L·mol⁻¹. The dye interacts with multiple amino acid residues within the protein binding pocket, forming a stable complex that persists throughout dynamic simulation, albeit with increased protein flexibility and reduced overall compactness.
Spectroscopic investigations further confirm that MGO effectively quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA, with 0.0005 mM MGO causing approximately 16.88% fluorescence suppression. Structural analysis indicates that dye binding induces significant conformational alterations, including an increase in α-helical content and a decrease in β-sheet structures, accompanied by disruption of hydrogen bonding networks within the protein matrix.
These combined effects suggest that Malachite Green Oxalate can induce local structural perturbations in serum albumin, potentially influencing its biological function and transport capacity.
Overall, this study highlights Malachite Green Oxalate as a strongly interactive xenobiotic dye with significant protein-binding capability, providing valuable insights into its biochemical behavior and potential toxicological implications in biological systems.

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Synonyms	Basic Green 4; Diamond Green
Molecular Weight	927.0
Molecular Formula	C52H54N4O12

Appearance	Green crystals
Color Index	42000
Dye Content	100%
Pubchem CID	2724411
Uses	It is used as a biological stain.