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The Psychostimulant (±)-cis-4,4'-dimethylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR) Interacts With Human Plasmalemmal and Vesicular Monoamine Transporters

The Psychostimulant (±)-cis-4,4'-dimethylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR) Interacts With Human Plasmalemmal and Vesicular Monoamine Transporters

Julian Maier, Felix P Mayer, Dino Luethi, Marion Holy, Kathrin Jäntsch, Harald Reither, Lena Hirtler, Marius C Hoener, Matthias E Liechti, Christian Pifl, Simon D Brandt, Harald H Sitte

Neuropharmacology. 2018 Aug;138:282-291.

PMID: 29908239

Abstract:

(±)-cis-4,4'-Dimethylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR) is a new psychoactive substance (NPS) that has been associated with 31 fatalities and other adverse events in Europe between June 2013 and February 2014. We used in vitro uptake inhibition and transporter release assays to determine the effects of 4,4'-DMAR on human high-affinity transporters for dopamine (DAT), norepinephrine (NET) and serotonin (SERT). In addition, we assessed its binding affinities to monoamine receptors and transporters. Furthermore, we investigated the interaction of 4,4'-DMAR with the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells and synaptic vesicles prepared from human striatum. 4,4'-DMAR inhibited uptake mediated by human DAT, NET or SERT, respectively in the low micromolar range (IC50 values < 2 μM). Release assays identified 4,4'-DMAR as a substrate type releaser, capable of inducing transporter-mediated reverse transport via DAT, NET and SERT. Furthermore, 4,4'-DMAR inhibited both the rat and human isoforms of VMAT2 at a potency similar to 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). This study identified 4,4'-DMAR as a potent non-selective monoamine releasing agent. In contrast to the known effects of aminorex and 4-methylaminorex, 4,4'-DMAR exerts profound effects on human SERT. The latter finding is consistent with the idea that fatalities associated with its abuse may be linked to monoaminergic toxicity including serotonin syndrome. The activity at VMAT2 suggests that chronic abuse of 4,4'-DMAR may result in long-term neurotoxicity.

Chemicals Related in the Paper:

Catalog Number	Product Name	Structure	CAS Number	Price
AP101702	4,4'-Dimethoxydiphenylamine		101-70-2	Price

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