Titrators

Potentiometric titration

Potentiometric titration is an analytical method to determine the concentration of a given analyte, in which the endpoint of the titration is monitored with an indicator electrode that records the change of the potential as a function of the amount of the added titrant of exactly known concentration.

• Test principle: It is detected by measuring the change in the potential of a suitable electrode after coupling it with a standard reference electrode during the course of the reaction.
• Applications: Potentiometric titration method has a wide range of applications, such as in clinical chemistry for the analysis of metals, in wastewater treatment for the analysis of cyanide, ammonia, in agriculture for the detection of different elements in soils, fertilizers, in detergent manufacturing, food processing etc.

Dead-stop titration

Dead-stop titration is a type of amperometric titration which makes use of two identical electrodes (usually made of Platinum) with a small potential difference between them.

• Test principle: The dead-stop method is based on the phenomenon of polarization. A constant potential difference is applied to two identical electrodes immersed into the solution. If the solution contains a reversible redox couple, a current will flow through the cell, which can be measured by a micro amperemeter.
• Applications: Dead-stop titration method can be used in environmental protection, pharmaceutical and chemical industry, water industry, food safety testing, etc.

Karl Fischer titration

Karl Fischer (KF) titration is a widely used method for moisture or water determination in solid, liquid and gaseous samples.

• Test principle: Karl Fischer titration is based on the oxidation reaction between iodine and sulphur dioxide. Water reacts with iodine and sulphur dioxide to form sulphur trioxide and hydrogen iodide. An endpoint is reached when all the water is consumed.
• Applications: Karl Fischer titration is widely used for direct analysis of water content in various industries as a reliable and robust method, such as in food industry, in petroleum industry, in cosmetic industry, in pharmaceutic industry. For instance, it can be used for determination of water in silk, wool, wood, paper, and even in building materials such as zeolite and cement.